Crossley

GB, 1904 – 1937

(1) Crossley Brothers Ltd, Gorton, Manchester, 1904 – 1910

(2) Crossley Motors Ltd, Gorton, Manchester, 1910 – 1937

The name of Crossley was famous on engines before it was famous on cars; in fact the Crossley company was the first in Britain to make 4-stroke internal combustion engines on the Otto principle. Later, Daimler engines were made under licence. The first Crossley car for sale, a chain-driven 22hp 4-cylinder, appeared for the 1904 season. A Crossley 28hp and Crossley 40hp followed, all three cars being of normal design and foreign inspiration. Their designer was J.S. Critchley, formerly of Daimler. Shaft drive appeared in 1906, and late in 1909, some were fitted with Allen-Liveredge front-wheel brakes, but Crossley cars, though excellent machines, made little impression until after 1910. The 4-litre 20hp Crossley which then made its bow was a well-constructed, durable and very popular car. Designed by A.W. Reeves, it lived on in modified form until 1925. Crossley’s finest hour came in World War 1, when, as the Crossley 20/25hp it achieved fame as a staff car in the Royal Flying Corps, and as an ambulance and light truck. The Crossley model was extremely popular with the British Royal Family after the war in its 25/30hp version. In its early years, however, it was rivalled by the 15hp. The efficiency of the latter’s  otherwise conventional engine, a side-valve four like the rest, gave this Crossley a better performance than most cars in its class and encouraged the makers to offer a special sporting variant, the Crossley Shelsley.

The Crossley Fifteen was discontinued after 1914, but a new Crossley arrived for 1921. This Crossley 19.6hp was a rather more modern design, having a detachable cylinder head, and it was cheaper and lighter on fuel than its 25/30hp companion. The performance was about the same. It was also made in sporting form as the Crossley 20/70hp, but this model was heavy, like the ’Crossley 19.6’ itself, and the brakes were not good enough for the 75mph that was available. Crossley did not make a serious attempt to invade the middle-class market until 1923, when the Crossley 12/14hp, later called the Crossley Fourteen, was introduced. Like its brothers, this was a simple side-valve four, in this case of 2.4 litres, but was more modern, with its unit construction of engine and gearbox and central gear-change. The Crossley Fourteen was a very successful model, being flexile and, thanks to its light weight, both roomy and economical. It survived until 1927. By this time the two bigger Crossley cars were giving way to a much more up-to-date car; the Crossley company’s first six and its first overhead-valve machine. This Crossley 18/50hp model was a spacious, heavy 2.6-litre car with good brakes but somewhat lacking in power. Its engine was enlarged to 3.2-litres and 20.9hp for 1928. At the same time a new small Crossley of similar design, the 2-litre Crossley 15.7hp was introduced, to which a sporting alternative reviving the Shelsley name was  added in 1929. Lagonda’s 16/80 model used this engine later. The 6-cylinder Crossley 15.7hp continued until 1934 and the Crossley 20.9hp until 1937. Wilson pre-selector gearboxes were fitted from 1934.

In 1932, the Crossley company had introduced a light car, the Crossley Ten. This was an assembled vehicle powered by an 1100cc Coventry-Climax engine with overhead inlet valves. It was too heavy (a drawback compounded by the pre-selector gearbox), it was very low-geared and its brakes were mediocre. Another mistake was Crossley’s attempt to market the Burney rear-engined car with all-independent suspension. It was given a 15.7hp Crossley engine and a Wilson box, but it was too unconventional in appearance and handling. Very few were made. In 1935, Crossley introduced its new Regis range of small cars with handsome bodies styled by C.F. Beauvais. They consisted of the Crossley Ten and a new Crossley 1½-litre six of the same design also powered by Coventry-Climax, both with a new lowered frame. Both cars, together with the last Crossley 20.9s, disappeared after 1937.

Crossley assembled other people’s cars as well as making their own, beginning with the Willys-Overland Model 4 in 1920. The Gorton-produced Willys came to include more and more British-made parts, such as a Morris Oxford engine. A less likely diversion was an attempt of Crossley in 1921 to make the Type 22 Bugatti in England, but only a handful of these Crossley-Bugattis appeared. In 1922-1933 the Crossley factory made the AJS as well.

Source: Georgano, encyclopedia of motorcar; TRN

The information is written with the greatest of care. However, if you have any suggested amendments please contact us at office@prewarcar.com

Opel

D, 1898 to date

(1) Adam Opel, Rüsselsheim, 1898 – 1928

(2) Adam Opel AG, Rüsselsheim, 1928 to date 

The Opel concern was well-established in bicycle and sewing machine manufacture when the five Opel brothers decided to start Opel car production. Opel cars bought the production rights of the Lutzmann and the first Opel-Lutzmann car appeared in 1898 with a rear-mounted single-cylinder engine. This Opel car was soon replaced by a 2-cylinder engine. The Opel car model was not very successful and the Opel brothers looked for another design. They reached an agreement with the French firm of Darracq and started to produce cars under licence in 1902. Opel importing Darracq’s chassis and mounting their own bodies. These Opel cars were advertised as Opel-Darracqs. Import of Darracq cars continued after Opel introduced the first of their own Opel car designs in 1902. This Opel car was a 10/12hp car with a 2-cylinder 1.884cc engine. In 1903 they produced their first 4-cylinder Opel car, an Opel 20/24hp. The Opel car range was completed with a 2-cylinder 8/14hp and a 4-cylinder 35/40hp Opel car in 1905 and in the following year co-operation with Darracq was discontinued.

The Opel car firm was very active in sports and racing events; in 1905 Opel cars gained more than 100 victories. The Herkomer and Prince Henry Trials saw Opel car entries and in the 1907 Kaiserpreis Race a third place was gained by an Opel car. Until 1911 Opel was one of the leading German car producers, offering a wide range of Opel cars from the very popular 2-cylinder Opel 8/14PS ‘Doctor’s Car’ to a Opel 33/60PS 9.240cc luxury model. In 1911 the Opel car factory was destroyed by fire, but after complete rebuilding which allowed the application of the most modern production techniques, Opel regained their position. The 10.000th Opel car was delivered in 1912, and the production of lorries was taken up in 1913. The biggest of the 1914 Opel car range, the 10.2-litre Opel 40/100PS, had overhead valves and this Opel car was credited with 75mph. The small 5/14PS and 6/16PS Opel cars became very popular in the years up to World War 1, and the heavier Opel car types were built in greater quantities. During the first years after the war political reasons prevented the resumption of large-scale production of Opel cars.

In 1923 the Opel car range covered seven Opel cars from 9/32PS to 30/80PS; five of them were cancelled when Opel installed an assembly line in 1923/1924 and started mass production of Opel cars on American principles, being the first German company to do so. The new 4/12PS Opel car – presented in 1924 – was almost a copy of the Citroën 5CV. This Opel car had a 4-cylinder 951cc engine and a two-seater body. This Opel car was commonly known as the Laubfrosch (tree frog) because of its green paint. Sales of this Opel car amounted to 39.000 by 1927. Opel started to build up a widespread service organization covering all German districts; Opel cars were the first German producers to guarantee repairs at fixed prices. After 1926 a four-seater body was used on a lengthened Laubfrosch Opel car chassis and engine capacity was raised to 1.016cc. This Opel car was made until 1929. Heavier Opel cars followed, such as the 4-cylinder, 2.612cc 10/45PS and various 6-cylinder Opel cars, still with side valves. In 1928 Opel were Germany’s largest car manufacturers, producting 37,5% of all cars in that country. It is interesting to note that Opel were then the biggest bicycle producers in the world.

Interesting experiments were carried out by Opel with rocket-driven Opel cars in 1927 and 1928 in co-operation with the rocket specialists Valier and Sander. Fritz von Opel drove the rocket-car on the Avus track at over 125mph.

The approach of economic crisis in the late 1920s made the Opel family decide to change their Opel car firm into a joint-stock company. The majority of the shares were acquired by General Motors. In 1929 Opel’s first 8-cylinder car was introduced, the 24/110PS, 5.970cc Opel Regent. In the same year a 4/20PS 1.016cc Opel car appeared as the successor to the range of small Opel cars which had started with the Laubfrosch.

The 1930 Opel cars were characterized by three model ranges. The small 4/20PS Opel car was developed into the Opel 1-litre (1931/ 1933), 1.2-litre Opel car (1933/ 1935), Opel P4 (1936/ 1938) and the Opel Kadett (1937/ 1939), the latter having an engine capacity of 1.074cc. This Opel car sold in England for a mere £135. The Opel Regent 1.2-litre (1932/ 1933) grew into the 1.3-litre Opel car (1934/ 1935) and the Opel Olympia (1935/ 1937), both having a 1.279cc engine. The 1938 Opel Olympia had an increased engine capacity of 1.488cc and an output of 37bhp. The 6-cylinder Opel car models of the 1920s were developed into the 1.8-litre Opel car (1931/ 1933) and 2-litre Opel car (1934-1937), the 2.473cc Opel Super (1937/ 1938) and the Opel Kapitän (1938/1939) with the same engine. The 6-cylinder 3.520cc Opel Admiral rounded off the pre-war range of Opel cars. Dubonnet-type independent suspension was introduced in the 1934 2-litre, and was standard in all Opel cars by 1939.

During the 1930s Opel ranked first in European car production. The 1935 Opel Olympia  was the first mass-produced car with a chassis-less all-steel body. The Opel P4 at 1.450 marks was the cheapest car on the German market, a true four-seater Opel car of 32bhp capable of 55mph. The end of World War 2 brought the enforced dismantling of the Opel Kadett production lines. These Opel cars were transferred to Russia and the Opel Kadett, identical to the pre-war Opel car, re-appeared as the Moskvitch. At the Opel works production of Opel cars started again in 1947 with the Opel Olympia, followed in 1948 by the Opel Kapitän. Bodies and engines of this Opel cars were similar to the pre-war designs. While bodies changed frequently of Opel cars during the following years the engines were built according to the old proved design. In 1962 a new Opel Kadett appeared, built in a new factory at Bochum. This Opel car had a 993cc, 40bhp engine, increased in 1965 to 1.087cc. The Opel Olympia became the Opel Rekord in 1953 and its 1.488cc engine was supplemented by 1.680cc and 1.897cc Opel cars in 1959 and 1965 respectively. Overhead camshafts were adopted for this Opel car series in 1965. As the Opel Rekord L6, this Opel car was also available with the 2.605cc Kapitän engines. The Opel Kapitän’s 2.473cc power unit was increased to 2.605cc in 1959 and 2.784cc in 1965. The name Admiral was also revived in 1964 for an Opel car with Kapitän engines. In the same year the Opel Diplomat was introduced to top the Opel car range. V8 Chevrolet engines of 4.638cc (190bhp) and 5.354cc (230bhp) were used for this Opel model. Kapitäns and Admirals were also available with Opel Diplomat engines on request. Car production rose from 6.028 in 1948 to 623.989 Opel cars in 1965. The 1968 Opel car range was widened still further by the addition of fast-back 2- and 4-door Opel Kadetts, and a new Opel Olympia based on the Kadett, but available with 1.1-litre, 1.7-litre or 1.9-litre engines.

A sporting image began to emerge for Opel cars in 1969, with active support for Opel cars in rallies and the introduction of a Opel GT coupé combining Kadett mechanical elements with retractable headlamps and front disc brakes; with the optional 1.9-litre ohc engine this Opel car was capable of 115mph. Opel car components were also used in Belgian versions of General Motors’ new make, the Ranger. A new high-performance six-cylinder Opel car appeared in 1970, the Opel Commodore GS, its 2.8-litre engine offered with the option of fuel injection. A year later came Opel cars answer to the Anglo-German Ford Capri, the Opel Manta coupé. This Opel car had double-wishbone independent front suspension and a choice of 4-cylinder ohc power units with outputs of up to 90bhp. The same theme was perpetuated in a saloon, the Opel Ascona, which had front disc brakes as standard and was available with 1.584cc or 1.897cc engine. In May 1971 the Opel car factory converted an Opel GT to electric propulsion, and this Opel car covered a flying kilmetre at 117.2mph, breaking the official electric car record held since 1899 by Camille Jenatzy’s La Jamais Contente.

Redesigned versions of the intermediate Rekord Opel car series appeared in 1972; in addition to new 1.7-litre and 1.9-litre ohc engines, there was a 2.1-litre diesel option on the Opel car. During the year Opel replaced Volkswagen as the home market’s best-selling make. Opel cars offered a formidable diversity of models: the Opel Kadett with 1.078cc or 1.196cc engines; the Rallye Kadett Opel car with the option of a 1.9-litre 90bhp unit; the ohc 4-cylinder Opel Asconas and Opel Rekords; the Opel GT and Opel Manta coupés; the 6-cylinder Opel Commodore and Opel Admiral series; and the 5.3-litre Chevrolet-engined Opel Diplomat V8. Front disc brakes were standard on all Opel cars but the basic Kadetts, and only these and the V8 retained push-rod-operated ohv. The Opel Admiral and Opel Diplomat apart, Opel cars had fallen into line with Vauxhall, using rigid axles and coils at the rear, though various forms of independent front suspension were found. New for 1973 were a high-performance Opel Ascona, the 1900SR, and its Manta equivalent, the Opel Berlinetta. Both Opel cars had 90bhp 1.897cc engines.

Source: Georgano, encyclopedia of motorcar; HON

The information is written with the greatest of care. However, if you have any suggested amendments please contact us at office@prewarcar.com